MBBS, DCH, MCPS
Dr. Mubina Agboatwalla is a well-known pediatrician, practicing paediatrics since the last 20 years in Karachi Pakistan. She is the head of the department of Pediatrics in Karachi Liaquat Hospital, as well as her private practice in three specialist clinics in Pediatrics. She is also a Public Health Specialist specializing in preventive health including nutrition, breastfeeding and infectious diseases especially diarrhea, polio and tuberculosis.She has affiliations with the Center of Disease Control Atlanta (CDC), UNICEF, and WHO and is the recipient of the Clinton Foundation Award in 2016. She has more than 50 research papers in international journals including Lancet, JAMA etc., to her credit. She is also the chairperson of HOPE, an NGO working for child and maternal health and education. Being a mother of two healthy kids herself, she has hands-on experience of dealing with child issues.
MomJunction believes in providing the most accurate content to its readers. Hence we get our articles reviewed by highly skilled experts in the relevant fields. The articles are reviewed to ensure their authenticity, factual correctness, and relevance. The board members also add inputs drawn from their years of experience. Learn more about our medical review board.
At around seven months, your little one is sitting and likely to crawl to explore the world. The activities for a 7-month-old baby can help them master these milestones. They also boost the interaction with your little one while they start their pursuit towards skill progression. Seeing your little one grow up is guaranteed to bring you a lot of joy than ever before. Here are some games and activities you can help your baby with. Also, read through the benefits and tips to interact with your baby while getting them involved in these activities. [mj-toc] Key Developmental Milestones For A 7-month-Old Knowing milestones helps in understanding if your baby's development is on the right track. You can identify key growth factors and raise an alarm if the growth is halted. Eats pureed solid food: This is when he eats a lot of pureed solid food that his taste buds would have started enjoying. You still breastfeed him, but he...
Weight and height aren’t the only indicators of a baby’s growth and development. The skills babies develop as they progress each month, referred to as developmental milestones, and includes motor, and social interactions that mark their growth and development. For example, you may notice that by your baby’s 21st month, when they are just a few months away from turning two, they understand a few terms and how to use some objects. Continue reading to learn more about the developmental milestones most babies achieve by 21 months. [MJ_RELATED_LINKS href="https://www.momjunction.com/articles/toddler-climbing-getting-out-of-crib-prevent-tips_00762510/" title="5 Effective Tips To Prevent Toddler Climbing Out Of Crib"] [mj-toc] 21-Month-Old Baby Development There is nothing to worry about if your baby has not attained some milestones that are mentioned in the development charts. Every child is different, and it is best to let them develop at their own pace. While some babies remain ahead of the milestones, others reach them a little later. Each of these situations is perfectly...
Since their first cry, your baby has come a long way. If you observe your 2-month-old’s milestones, you’ll notice that your baby now pays attention to faces, turns their head toward sounds, and smiles at familiar faces. There is also a significant increase in physical growth. However, that’s not all – two-month-old babies are capable of so much more. This post discusses the developmental milestones most babies achieve by two months, how to recognize the warning signs of developmental delays, and some tips to help parents aid the development of their two-month-old. [mj-toc] 2-Month-Old’s Milestones Chart Achieved developmental milestones Emerging developmental milestones Raises head 45 degrees when on tummy Can raise head by 90 degrees when on tummy Holds head straight during supported sitting Can raise head and look up during supported sitting Supports partial weight on elbows Can bear complete weight on elbows and forearms Visually follows objects moving in short arc Will follow objects within 180 degrees of...
When you observe one-month-old babies’ milestones in terms of development, you will notice how a whole new world unlocks for them at this age. They develop new abilities and are more responsive, physically dexterous, and cognitively capable than when they were born. So, at the age of one month, what other developmental milestones could you expect from your baby? Continue reading to learn more about the developmental milestones of a one-month-old infant, when to be concerned about developmental delays, and some tips to help parents aid in their development. [mj-toc] One-Month-Old Baby’s Milestones Chart Achieved Developmental Milestones Emerging Developmental Milestones Eyes can track objects from mid-line to the side Will track moving objects from side to side Can lock an object that is placed in the hand Attempts to swipe and hit objects within reach Grips objects but cannot hold them in hand Will hold objects for a brief period Notices faces and people within range Begins to notice their...
A toddler's development often indicates whether they are growing healthily or not. Several achievements mark the toddlerhood phase between the ages of 25 and 27 months. For instance, toddlers are a lot more expressive than they were before. They utilize receptive language and speak while listening to you. As toddlers grow beyond their first year, you'll observe a transformation in their hobbies and pastimes. Additionally, you may notice changes in their eating habits and food preferences. This stage marks their introduction to independence under parental supervision, enabling them to cultivate curiosity, fine-tune motor skills, spatial awareness, and communication abilities. Read this post to know about various developmental milestones your toddler will attain at this age. [mj-toc] A Complete Guide On Toddler's Development From 25 To 27 Months Here is a quick look at what your toddler does At 25–27 Months: [caption id="attachment_888456" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] The developmental/behavioral changes at this stage include the following (1) (2) (3) : They...
Teenagers start noticing bodily changes when they read 13 to 14 years. They start discussing their growing bodies and the monthly menstrual cycles. It is natural for them to be curious during their adolescence and so it is better that they get all the right answers from the parents if they wonder how to hit puberty faster. Usually, girls enter puberty at the age of nine or ten while boys hit it at 11 or 12. Bodily changes take place in the boys as well. Some children go through puberty faster, but for some, it may get delayed. If your child does not attain puberty around this age, she may feel awkward and left out. However, delay in puberty is normal. MomJunction tells you how you can enable your child reach puberty quickly in a natural and healthy way. [mj-toc] How To Hit Puberty Faster? Late or constitutional delay in puberty is normal and does not require any treatment unless...
If you are a mother, you may find yourself checking on your kid’s growth and development now and then. However, the developmental stages of children may vary, and not all kids may develop a particular skill around the same time. If your child is a little late in learning to walk or cooing, do not panic, as some children achieve their milestones slightly later than others. Altogether, paying attention to the various phases of development during infancy and beyond could help you ensure that your little one is growing in the right way. The development could be divided into the [simple_tooltip text="fine motor" tooltip="A skill where one needs to use the small muscles in hands, fingers, and wrist" ], [simple_tooltip text="gross motor" tooltip="Abilities that let us do tasks where one needs to engage the large muscles in the legs, arms, and torso" ], speech, cognitive development, and social interaction. Delve into this post as we bring you a list of...
Coughing is one of the body's defense mechanisms of getting rid of phlegm, mucus, sputum, postnasal drip, or a foreign body. A variety of factors can cause cough in babies, and while coughing is a necessary function, it is unhealthy for a newborn to cough excessively. If your infant coughs a lot, you should see a pediatrician (1). Read this post to learn more about infant coughs, their types, causes, treatment, and prevention methods. [mj-toc] Types Of Baby Cough [caption id="attachment_885971" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Cough can be classified based on character, duration, quality, and timing as follows (2) (3). Acute cough: A sudden onset of cough that lasts from a few days to less than three weeks. Subacute cough: Lasts around three to eight weeks. Slow in onset. Chronic or persistent cough: Lasts more than eight weeks, usually from allergies or asthma. It occurs off and on. It can also be due to infections. Dry cough: Non-productive cough where...
Acrochordons or skin tags are soft and small skin bumps often seen on skin folds such as armpits, groin, buttocks, or eyelids (1). Self-treatment for skin tags on children is not recommended due to the risk of skin infections. Skin tags are harmless, painless, non-cancerous (benign growths), but some children may not be comfortable with them. Usually, these tiny skin lesions can be from 1mm to 2mm in size. If there is an esthetic concern or any discomfort, you may connect with a specialist in pediatric dermatology to seek help for skin tag removal. Read on to know the causes and treatment options for skin tags on children. [mj-toc] Causes Of Skin Tags In Children [caption id="attachment_887530" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Skin tags are a collection of blood vessels and collagen fibers surrounded by skin layer (thin epidermis). The causes of skin tags are not entirely known, but the following conditions and situations seem to increase their occurrence. Chafing and...
Castor oil is found in several cosmetic and medicinal products due to its beneficial properties. However, using castor oil for babies is a subject of apprehension for many parents. Generally, castor seeds contain a toxin named ricin, making unprocessed castor oil unfit for consumption. It has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties too. But is it safe for children? Read this post to know about the necessary safety precautions to follow when using castor oil for oral use, its possible side effects, and different ways in which you can safely use castor oil for your baby. [mj-toc] Is Castor Oil Safe For Babies? The US Food and Drug Administration has categorized castor oil as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) and effective as a [simple_tooltip text="stimulant" tooltip="A substance that temporarily improves an organism's or one of its parts' functional activity or efficiency." ] [simple_tooltip text="laxative" tooltip="Medicines that enhance bowel movements and are used in the treatment of constipation" ], though clinical trials are...
Toddlers love to jump around the house, and nothing can stop them. Not to forget, they love to run around barefoot. This increases the risk of them encountering a splinter, making you eventually wonder about how to remove a splinter from your toddler’s foot. A splinter is the fragment of any object that gets lodged inside the tissues of the feet unintentionally (1). Splinters are usually harmless and can be removed easily with the help of a tweezer, except when it penetrates deep into the skin, increasing the chances of an infection. In such cases, consult the doctor immediately. Read on to know how you can easily remove a splinter from your child’s feet. Read on to know about ways by which you can easily remove a splinter from your child’s feet. [MJ_RELATED_LINKS href="https://www.momjunction.com/articles/toddler-yeast-infection-causes-signs-treatment_00698848/" title="Yeast Infection In Toddlers: How To Treat & Prevention Tips"] [mj-toc] Steps To Remove A Splinter From The Toddler's Foot So, your little walker got a...
Baby jumpers are fun toys that help them exercise, play, and jump. They are a sling-style seat suspended from a rubber cable with a spring that can be clamped above the door or toy frame itself. The baby pushes their feet against the floor to bounce in it. Parents may prefer these jumpers to keep the baby engaged and playful, but are these jumpers safe for babies? Scroll down to know more about the different types of jumpers, risks, alternatives, and safety tips for using jumpers in babies. [mj-toc] Are Baby Jumpers Safe? Research studies have shown that baby jumpers are not safe for infants. Instead, the use of stationary play stations is recommended (1). [MJ_RELATED_LINKS href="https://www.momjunction.com/articles/when-can-your-baby-use-a-walker_00123318/" title="Are Baby Walkers Safe? Risks Involved And Alternatives"] Different Types Of Baby Jumpers Most jumpers feature an attached spring or springs that facilitate the bouncing and jumping motion. The following are the common types of jumpers available in the market. 1. Baby jumper...
Toddler staph infection is more common than in adults and is caused by staphylococcus bacteria. These bacteria can affect various body parts, including skin and vital organs such as the lungs. However, most toddlers get staph skin infections, and adequate treatment could help prevent further complications. You may seek medical care for treating these skin lesions since OTC creams or ointments may not cure the condition. In addition, inadequate treatment could result in complications and antibiotic resistance. Read on to know more about the risk factors, causes, symptoms, types, and management of staph infection in toddlers. [mj-toc] Causes Of Staph Infection In Toddlers [caption id="attachment_886618" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Staph infection can be caused by any bacteria from the genus Staphylococcus. The most common species to cause the infection is the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium. Some of the other species that cause staph infections are Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Staphylococcus bacteria often occur on the skin and inside the nose...
Almond oil for baby massage is a popular choice among mothers. Though different oils can be used to massage your little one, some mothers prefer almond oil because it is a good source of multiple vitamins. Babies gain many health benefits from regular body massages, such as improved sleep and relaxation. However, if you’re still debating on which oil to use on your baby, you may want to know more about the benefits of almond oil for your baby’s skin. Read this post to learn more about the benefits of using almond oil for your baby’s massage and some precautions to keep in mind while doing so. [MJ_RELATED_LINKS href="https://www.momjunction.com/articles/health-benefits-of-almonds-for-babies_00327135/" title="Almonds For Babies: Safety, Right Age, And Benefits"] [mj-toc] Almond Oil For Baby Skin [caption id="attachment_890680" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] A regular oil massage, either before or after a baby bath, is great for the infant’s skin. Almond oil is one of the many commonly used in therapeutic massages for babies....
Licorice is a herbal plant whose root (licorice root) is a purported [simple_tooltip text="galactagogue" tooltip="A food or substance that increases the flow of breastmilk" ]. However, since research suggests otherwise, you would want to know if using licorice when breastfeeding is safe. Knowing the answer to this question is necessary to prevent any adverse effects that licorice may have on the nursing mother and her baby. You can find powdered licorice in several over-the-counter (OTC) products, such as candies and sweeteners. So, reading the product label when buying a food product is necessary to ensure you eat items safe for you and your nursing baby. Read on to know more about licorice, its safety for lactating mothers and their babies, and the possible side effects it can cause. [mj-toc] What is Licorice? Licorice is a herbal plant also known as Glycyrrhiza, a name derived from ‘glukos’ that means sweet while ‘riza’ refers to root. Licorice root holds the compound ‘glycyrrhizin’,...
Meningitis is a neurological disease that causes inflammation in the membrane covering the brain and spinal cord. Meningitis in toddlers can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. If this condition is not treated on time, it could result in alarming symptoms and long-lasting complications. Therefore, early detection of the symptoms is important to begin the treatment promptly. Moreover, you should follow preventive measures to keep your children safe from this disease. Read the post for more information on meningitis, including its causes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment options. [mj-toc] What Is Meningitis? Meningitis is the acute inflammation (swelling) of the membrane called meninges that covers the brain and the spinal cord. The swelling results from an infection caused by a pathogen, which affects the meninges. The swollen meninges interfere with the functions of the brain and spinal cord, making meningitis a central nervous system disease (1). Let’s take a look at the causes of meningitis. What Causes Meningitis In...
Feeding infants will help them grow better, but overfeeding them might increase the chances of causing acid reflux in babies. Acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux can cause severe discomfort to the baby and may also become chronic, leading to gastroesophageal reflux disease. Therefore, it is important to feed babies milk and other food items in the correct amounts to avoid regurgitation or spit up and keep them healthy. Read on to know more about overfeeding babies, how it might cause certain problems, and ways to avoid it. [mj-toc] What Is Reflux In Babies? Acid reflux is the abnormal backflow of acid from the stomach to the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter. The sphincter is a muscular valve that prevents stomach contents from flowing into the esophagus. Some infants have a poorly-developed sphincter that opens abnormally which leads to a reflux of stomach acid. Acid is caustic, and it stings and irritates the inner lining of the esophagus. Since the...
Allergies in children are a common occurrence. The most common trigger that causes allergies are pollens, dust particles, certain food items, medicines etc. An allergy can be defined as the immune system's reaction to an unknown or foreign substance. Usually, allergies can be treated with the help of medication and simple home remedies. However, in some severe cases, they might also turn out to be life-threatening. It has been stated that allergies are one of the most common reasons for children missing school (1). Read on to know more about allergies, causes, triggers, treatment options, and prevention techniques. [mj-toc] Types Of Allergies In Children Allergies can be classified based on the part of the body affected and the mode of transmission of the allergen. Some major types of allergy that affect children are: Seasonal or Respiratory Allergies Skin Allergies Food Allergies Other Allergies We will tell you about each type of allergy, its causes, symptoms, and natural remedies. Seasonal or...
Breastfed babies often spit up thin milky fluid, while formula-fed babies spit up a type of material that looks like cottage cheese. However, if you see your baby spitting up blood, you might be extremely worried as a concerned parent. Spitting up fluids through the nose and mouth is pretty common in babies. But if you see your tiny tot spitting up bright brown or red blood alongside milky fluid, you may be alarmed. Spitting up blood may not always be an indicator of a medical condition in babies. If your baby is active and healthy, it is highly unlikely that an underlying condition is the reason for them spitting up blood. However, it is wise to consult a pediatrician and get a thorough checkup. Read on to know the common causes of babies spitting up blood and when to be concerned. [mj-toc] Is It Normal For Babies To Spit-up Blood? [caption id="attachment_876344" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] Spitting-up of blood...
A belly button or a navel is a depression in the person’s belly. It is formed when the umbilical cord of the newborn is cut and clamped soon after delivery, dries, and falls within a few days. Babies can have an innie or outie belly button, also known as the umbilicus. While the majority of newborns have an innie umbilicus, a few may have an outie. Keep reading this post to learn how an outie develops, if it's normal to have an outie navel, and tips to take care of your belly button. [mj-toc] What Is An Outie Belly Button? An outie belly button is the one that protrudes. Usually, the belly button moves inside and is called an innie. An outie looks like a tiny balloon. It blows out when the baby is crying, laughing, coughing, or has bowel movements. This is because of the increased pressure from inside the abdomen. It shrinks when the baby is relaxing. Why...
You may often wonder if you should introduce ice cream for babies. Ice cream can be as tempting for babies as they are for adults. Everyone loves ice creams, and it is difficult to stop ourselves from having them. However, considering the ingredients that go into store-bought ice cream, parents are often apprehensive about introducing them to their babies. Read this post as we discuss the right age to start eating ice cream, the ingredients you should avoid, tips to follow when introducing ice creams to babies, and some simple recipes to make delicious ice creams at home for your babies. [mj-toc] When Can Babies Have Ice Cream? Babies can have ice cream after the age of 12 months, as it is a dairy product. Though it is made from whole milk and cream, pasteurized to remove bacteria, babies can still be sensitive to milk proteins, minerals, and other ingredients in it (1). According to the Australian Guide to Healthy...
Body odor in teens is not uncommon and maybe a common complaint after puberty. While teenagers may have issues with self-confidence, self-esteem, and social acceptance due to body odor, it may help to know that it is normal and does not always indicate an underlying pathology (1). The condition is more common in teenage boys than girls. Sweating is often the main reason for body odor, but there may be other reasons. Read the post to learn about the causes, management, and signs you need to see a doctor for body odor. [mj-toc] Possible Causes Of Body Odor In Teens Excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) is the primary reason for body odor in teens. This is due to overactive sweat glands. Besides that, some of the common reasons for teenage body odor could be: Hormonal changes: During and after puberty, hormones rise and cause increased secretion by the sweat and [simple_tooltip text="oil glands" tooltip="Also known as sebaceous glands, microscopic organs present in...
Breathing is a natural process the baby learns inside the womb itself. Usually, there is little to worry about, but sometimes, there could be a problem in the baby’s breathing patterns. Therefore, it is good for parents to know about normal infant breathing and how to spot anomalies in the pattern. MomJunction tells you about the signs of breathing problems and how to help babies breathe properly. But first, let’s understand what ‘normal breathing’ means. [mj-toc] What Is Normal Breathing In Babies? [caption id="attachment_875941" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] Here are a few things you should know to understand what ‘normal breathing’ is in babies. Babies breathe faster: Infants breathe faster than older children and adults. An average infant, especially a newborn, has about 40 to 60 breaths in a minute while awake. The respiratory rate in infants slows down to only 30 to 40 breaths in a minute when asleep (1). [mj_protip type="Did you know" title="Did you know?"]It is usual...
Primary lung cancers in children are a rare diagnosis, and the tumor characteristics may vary from adults. Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs can be secondary cancers that spread after common childhood cancers. Genetic changes in tumor suppressor genes or certain syndromes can increase the risk for lung cancer in children since they lack common predisposing factors such as smoking. Being aware of symptoms can help the parents seek early palliative care and improve the outcomes. Read on to know the signs, symptoms, causes, tests, and treatments for lung cancer in children. [mj-toc] Can Children Get Lung Cancer? Yes. However, it is rare for children to get affected by lung cancer. Types Of Lung Cancer In Children There are different types of lung tumors that occur in children. In some cases, cancer may spread from other tissue areas to the lungs, known as secondary or metastatic cancer, while in other cases, cancer directly affects the lungs...
Baby arching back is frequently interpreted as a symptom of discomfort or pain caused by an external or internal cause. Crying, turning the head, or sleeping are frequently associated with an arched back in babies. It could be a symptom of a minor ailment or a more serious medical condition. This post discusses various reasons your baby is arching their back and what you can do about it. [mj-toc] What Is Baby Arching? Your baby could arch backward on his lower back and throw his hands in the air. He would extend his neck back as far as he can. This is dangerous because he could slip from you arms and hurt himself. [caption id="attachment_875767" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] In many cases, the baby may not arch his back until the sixth month. By nine months, he will be able to arch his back to express his discomfort, displeasure or other emotions. Arching of the back can be a normal...
Hand, foot, and mouth disease in children is a highly transmissible viral infection, particularly in young ones. Fever is the first symptom, followed by rashes on the lips, hands, and feet. You may also be concerned that the rashes will spread from one part of the body to another. Although hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is not a life-threatening infection, it can make your child uncomfortable, especially when drinking and swallowing food. Read on to learn more about HFMD in children, including treatment options and home remedies, as well as how it can be prevented. [mj-toc] What Is Hand, Foot, And Mouth Disease? Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a contagious viral infection usually affecting children younger than five years of age. However, it can happen in adults as well. The disease is characterized by sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet, and occurs mostly during the summer and fall (1). It is generally...
Have you ever observed your child experiencing intense outbreaks of sweating, causing their face to turn red? These could be signs of hot flashes in children. Additionally, some may also experience fever-like heat in several parts of the body. Though witnessing your child profusely perspiring could be alarming, hot flashes are seldom serious. Hot flashes can be caused by various factors, from hormonal changes at puberty to diet problems. Hence, they are treated depending on the underlying cause. Read this article to learn more about hot flashes in children, including the possible causes, signs and symptoms, and ways to treat them. [mj-toc] What Are Hot Flashes? A hot flash is a feeling of warmth or intense heat that spreads all over the body and is accompanied by [simple_tooltip text="perspiration" tooltip="Process of secretion of fluids from sweat glands" ] or flushing. Although this feeling spreads throughout the body, it is prominent in some particular regions of the body, viz., neck, and...
Parents are usually a child’s biggest cheerleaders. Since children naturally look up to their parents, their development is significantly influenced when their parents motivate them. However, as a parent, you may often ponder, “What motivates your child?” While all parents want their children to push their boundaries and achieve their goals, you should look for innovative ideas that nurture their curiosity and will to learn. Finding unique and interesting ways to motivate your children can help them in the long run since, in some ways, parental motivation defines a child’s behavior. Read this post to learn more about parental motivation and some simple and fun ways to motivate your child. [mj-toc] Motivation: Extrinsic or Intrinsic? Let’s go back to Amanda and Alex. Amanda’s mom told her that she needed to be good at math to be a scientist, and little Amanda was more than happy to practice math for that. Alex, on the other hand, wanted to be a basketball...
Tea tree oil is an essential oil derived from tea tree leaves. It possesses antimicrobial, antiseptic, antibacterial, [simple_tooltip text="anti-inflammatory" tooltip="Drugs or substances that reduce inflammation or pain" ], and [simple_tooltip text="immuno-stimulating" tooltip="Substances that stimulate or increase immunity" ] effects(1). and is often used for aromatherapy. You can safely use tea tree oil for kids under the guidance of experts who can tell the proper dosage and the right mode of administration (topical application or inhalation) for children. They can also advise you about some trustable brands to buy from. The US Food And Drug Administration (USFDA) doesn’t regulate essential oil sale or use (2). Hence, finding a safe and effective product is tricky. You may find tea tree oil in over-the-counter (OTC) products, as a natural remedy for certain skin care routines. It is often found in products such as face washes and mosquito repellents, but only a small amount is incorporated, so, it usually has no adverse effects. However,...
Yeast infection in toddlers occurs on body parts that offer proper growth conditions to the fungus, such as adequate moisture, heat, and darkness. This infection is also called candidiasis and is recognized by the excess growth of yeast on the skin or mouth. The causative strain is candida fungus. This microorganism naturally occurs on the intestines, skin, genital area, and mouth. Yeast infection commonly occurs in the diaper area due to the optimal environment. Read on to know more about its causes, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. [mj-toc] Causes Of Yeast Infection In Toddlers A toddler can get candida or yeast infection due to the following conditions and factors (1). Antibiotic use Inadequate changing of diapers leaving the area damp Corticosteroid use Diabetes [caption id="attachment_881467" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] Autoimmune conditions Soaps, shower gel, or other skincare products Tight diapers or undergarments Immunosuppressant medications Weak immune system due to conditions such as AIDS Yeast infection in toddlers usually happens in...
Developmental delay in children should be evaluated by a pediatrician. Delays are diagnosed when they take longer to reach developmental milestones (age-specific skills) than expected of their age. That said, each child is unique, and a little delay in attaining milestones is not a reason to worry (1). However, if children are continuously lagging in their movement, communication, behavior, and thinking and learning abilities, it might indicate an underlying problem. If the developmental delay is long-term, it might be called a developmental disability, such as intellectual disability or cerebral palsy (2). In this post, we discuss the types, causes, symptoms, diagnoses, and ways to help a child with developmental delay. [mj-toc] What Are The Types Of Developmental Delay In Children? Developmental delays occur in five areas. When a child shows delay in more than one development area, it is known as global developmental delay. The types of developmental delays are: 1. Cognitive delay: Cognitive delay may affect the intellectual function...
Complementary feeding is an essential milestone in a baby’s life. A well-growing, healthy baby can eat several solid foods from different food groups. However, this doesn’t mean they can eat everything. Knowing the foods to avoid for babies helps to avoid health hazards. The transition from breastfeeding to weaning indicates that the baby is growing well. Babies under 12 months are still developing vital oral skills and have an immature digestive system. Therefore, while selecting age-appropriate weaning foods, parents need to stay mindful of the foods to avoid for babies younger than a year. So read through this post if you are first-time parents looking for a list of foods to avoid for babies. It also gives you an overview of foods you should avoid feeding your baby until they reach 12 months of age. [mj-toc] Foods To Avoid For Babies 1. Refined sugar [caption id="attachment_886859" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advise against...
Like in other sleep regression stages, sleep regression in 18-month-old babies is triggered by a developmental phase where the baby’s sleep patterns change. A baby who has been sleeping well will suddenly refuse to go to sleep or wake up fussy in the middle of the night. Though the phase is temporary and often resolves within a week, managing a baby can be more challenging during this age since they can get out of their crib and walk around. Also, they can now express their wishes more firmly than before. Therefore, during a regression episode, an 18-month-old may sit up and cry loudly, resisting going back to sleep, or they may silently walk out of their crib and roam around unsupervised, raising the risk of mishappenings. [mj_protip type="Quick fact" title="Quick fact"]Not all toddlers have sleep regression at 18 months. Some may show noticeable improvement in their sleep pattern, while others may experience sleep issues before or after the said period...
The onset of psoriasis in children is a common occurrence. Psoriasis is a non-transmittable skin condition where a child’s skin cells multiply rapidly, leading to skin changes. A typical sign of this condition is the build-up of scales on the skin surface. Additionally, a characteristic small, round, red rash called the plague could develop on the skin, causing itchiness and a burning sensation in children. The plagues commonly arise in the scalp, knees, trunk, and elbows. Though the exact cause of this disorder is unknown, it could be caused by the overactivity of the immune system and genetic factors. Additionally, a few varying triggers are known to worsen the signs of this condition in children. Browse through this post to learn more about the signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatments for psoriasis in children. [mj-toc] Can A Child Get Psoriasis? According to the American Academy of Dermatology Association, children of any age, from newborns to teenagers, can get psoriasis...
Babies develop with each passing day. By the time your baby is 16 months old, they attain several capabilities. The 16-month-old baby's developmental milestones include walking around with baby steps. The baby may also run, climb, and jump. Some babies of this age also start to utter at least two to three words, while the chatty ones may utter even more. Teething is also observed during this period. Read on to know more about the developmental milestones of your 16-month-old baby. [mj-toc] 16 Month Old Baby Development Milestones At this age, your baby is developing at a rapid speed. Take a look at the following to know your 16 months baby development. Your baby is quite the grown-up at this age and can follow different directions. She will be walking on her own. In fact, you may also find her walking backwards. She may be able to kick balls and jump with time as well as learn to climb. [mj_protip type="Do...
One of the several questions new parents ask is, “do babies have kneecaps?” According to Dr. Edward Gotlied, a pediatric specialist in the Stone Mountain area, Georgia, newborns have kneecaps (patella). However, they are made of a soft, rubbery material called cartilage that eventually mineralizes to a bony joint. The cartilaginous kneecaps usually form in the fourth month of fetal life (1). However, they don’t show on x-rays as they are not radio-opaque. Keep reading to know what cartilaginous kneecaps are, what function they serve, when they turn bony and what issues may occur during this process, and some tips to help strengthen a baby’s kneecaps. [mj-toc] Why Don’t Babies Have Kneecaps? [caption id="attachment_894617" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] A newborn has more bones than an adult due to the presence of more flexible cartilage in the body. As the baby grows, some of the cartilage hardens and turns to bone, and some bones fuse together (2). Babies have cartilage in...
When parents or caregivers hurry to a coughing baby to see what’s wrong, they may notice the baby giggling with a mischievous expression. It leaves many puzzled parents asking this question – why does a baby fake cough? Babies may fake cough for many reasons; for example, when you see your child pretending to cough, you may smile and cough back, which may be a fun game for a while. However, it’s critical to know the difference between a genuine cough and a fake cough so that you can get medical help. If your baby imitates a cough, it is not a cause for concern as this behavior is quite typical while they learn new skills and socialize. However, consult a pediatrician if your baby appears sick or has a persistent cough. Even if you’re aware that your child is imitating a cough, keep a watch on them when they cough to ensure nothing is wrong. This post discusses why...
At around six months after childbirth, many mothers begin to experiment with their baby’s diet. As they gradually consider shifting to the bottle, a common question pediatricians are asked at this time is, “when can a baby hold a bottle?” While it is safe to explore other nutrition options for your infant in this period, experts recommend breastfeeding a baby while feeding them other foods till one or two years of age, if possible. Read on to know when a baby can hold a bottle, tips to help them do so, and the precautions to take while they hold a bottle to prevent vomiting. [mj-toc] When Can A Baby Hold The Bottle? A baby should be able to hold a bottle from the age of six months because it is the time when they develop [simple_tooltip text="motor skills" tooltip="A set of abilities that help move and control various body parts, especially hands, legs, and fingers." ] to move objects from...
2-month-old baby activities are great to introduce your little one to the world of play. Now that the exhausting pregnancy days are over, you’ll feel more physically active and want to be involved in taking care of your baby. If you’re looking for ways to become closer to and strengthen your bond with your baby, playing with them can help do this. Introduce them to some simple activities and games first so they can gradually move on to more complex ones later. If you are wondering how to get a two-month-old baby to become active, we are here to share a few facts. Below are a few milestones your baby will reach by the time they are two months old, along with a few fun games to engage them in. [mj-toc] Development Of Two-Month Baby A two-month-old roll and turn to sides while lying on her back. She can move her hands and legs. She, however, needs support to hold...
Speech therapy for children has numerous benefits. Children with speech delays may have problems with the smooth flow of words. They may not be able to speak complete sentences as the words or syllables break when they convey their thoughts. They may stammer and may not be able to speak with clarity. Such problems could become a barrier to a child’s communication and may lead to issues with self-confidence and self-esteem. Read this post as we talk about the indications of speech therapy in children and more. [mj-toc] What Is Speech Therapy? Speech therapy is a language intervention method that focuses on improving a child’s speech, their ability to discern speech, and overcome problems like poor articulation, disfluency (repetition of a sound, word, or phrase), and [simple_tooltip text="phonological" tooltip="Phonological relates to studying how speech sounds are distributed in a language." ] and voice disorders (1). It helps a child express themselves better through verbal and non-verbal language. It focuses on...
Ear infection in toddlers can cause acute pain, fever, and eating difficulty. Although it may happen to anyone, toddlers are susceptible to it. The condition, also known as otitis media, can occur as a result of pathogenic infection and cause soreness in the ears. If you want to protect your children from it, awareness about the risk factors may help. So read on to know about ear infections in children, including their causes, symptoms, treatment, and home remedies. [mj-toc] What Is Ear Infection In Toddlers? To understand ear infections, one needs to understand the human ear’s anatomy. There are three sections in the human ear – outer, middle, and inner ear. While the external ear and inner ear are isolated, the middle ear is connected to the nasal cavity through a tube called the eustachian tube. The function of the tube is to equalize air pressure and drain the middle ear fluids into the nasal cavity. The tube stays closed...
Styes are a common eye infection usually seen at the eyelash base and resemble a pimple. Also known as a hordeolum, they may grow inside or outside the eyelid. Stye in children are not contagious and usually fade away on their own, or you can follow some home care tips to treat them. However, medical intervention is rarely needed. So, read this post to know more about the causes, symptoms, necessary measures, and home remedies of stye infection in children. We have also discussed ways to prevent styes. [mj-toc]What Can Cause Stye In Children? [caption id="attachment_881130" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] Your child could get a stye due to a bacterial infection. Staphylococcal bacteria usually cause this infection; these bacteria are harmlessly found on the skin but would cause infection only near the areas where the skin is damaged. Rubbing the eye after touching the mucus from the nose is one possible way for the bacteria to enter the eye (1)....
Alkaline water among people and health enthusiasts. However, you might want to know about the benefits and side effects of alkaline water for babies before giving it to your child. Alkaline water has a higher pH level than normal drinking water. It also contains more minerals and is comparatively pure. Although further research is needed to prove the benefits of alkaline water for babies, no harmful effects have been reported yet. However, it is important to consult with your doctor before introducing alkaline water to your child to avoid any adverse effects. Read on to know about the safety of alkaline water for babies and its benefits. [mj-toc] What Is Alkaline Water? The pH of water is an important measurement that decides the quality of the water. Ionized water or alkaline water refers to water that has a pH level of more than 7 (1). You can prepare alkaline water by using a faucet-based water ionizer (2). The method is...
Preseptal cellulitis or periorbital cellulitis in children is more common than in adults, and it involves inflammation and infection of the soft tissues around the eyes. It can be due to bacteria and may occur in one or both eyes. The risk for severe complications is rare if it is treated appropriately. Otherwise, it may complicate and cause intracranial infections, such as [simple_tooltip text="meningitis" tooltip="Inflammation of the protective layers and fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord" ], or cause infection posterior to the orbital septum called orbital cellulitis (1). Redness and swelling in the eye should be evaluated and treated by a pediatrician to avoid these complications. You may also ensure that the recommended medications and home care measures are followed to avoid recurrence. Read on to learn more about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention of periorbital cellulitis in children. [mj-toc] Causes Of Periorbital Cellulitis In Children [caption id="attachment_886813" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] The most common...
Coconut oil is commonly used for cooking, skin moisturization, and hair oiling in tropical regions. Even research shows that consuming coconut oil is beneficial for children (1). If you want to try coconut oil for kids, use it in small amounts if they have not had it earlier. But before feeding coconut oil to your little one, consult a pediatrician if your child has a family history of coconut allergy or is allergic to tree nuts such as hazelnuts. Read on as we tell your more about the possible benefits of coconut oil for children and the side effects it may cause. [mj-toc] Is Coconut Oil Healthy To Use For Children? [caption id="attachment_890188" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] The uses of coconut oil are either topical or dietary. There are conflicting views on the dietary use of coconut oil. According to the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Publish Health, coconut oil is known to contain 80 to 90% of saturated fat (2)...
Molluscum contagiosum in children is a common viral skin infection that causes tiny skin-colored or pink bumps to appear on the child’s skin. The infecting virus stays inside these bumps and is mildly contagious. The bumps are painless, but they may be itchy and bothersome. Usually, these bumps clear over time, but you can use medications to clear the bumps faster. Keep reading to learn more about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children. [mj-toc] What Is Molluscum Contagiosum? [caption id="attachment_882632" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] Molluscum contagiosum is an infection of the skin transmitted from one person to another through direct contact. Unlike chicken pox or measles, there is no pain or fever. However, there is a bit of itchiness, which the child may scratch and then touch other places on the skin, eventually spreading the infection from one part of the body/ skin to another. [MJ_RELATED_LINKS href="https://www.momjunction.com/articles/viral-rash-child-types-pictures-treatment-prevention_00775809/" title="Viral Rash In Children: Types, Pictures, Treatment And...
Parents must educate their children on personal hygiene for kids from their early years. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), multiple diseases and ailments can be prevented by maintaining proper self-hygiene and frequently washing the body parts (1). Many infections spread via the oral-fecal route or in the form of droplets from the nasal passages. Hence, teaching aspects of personal hygiene and implementing a set of hygiene practices helps control infections in such cases. Browse through this post to understand the significance of personal hygiene for children and some tips to help your children follow the rules of personal hygiene. [mj-toc] Personal Hygiene For Children – What Is It? Personal hygiene comprises various day-to-day activities such as bathing, brushing teeth, and washing hands. Whether they go to the school, a park, or any other place, children come into contact with dirt and dust that carry infection-causing microorganisms. Infact, there are germs everywhere in the environment. Kids...
Nyquil for kids younger than 12 years is not recommended unless prescribed by a medical practitioner. Nyquil provides temporary relief since it constricts the blood vessels and blocks the histamine action, reducing throat and bronchial irritation, runny nose, and sneezing. It contains medications such as doxylamine succinate (antihistamine), acetaminophen (pain reliever), and dextromethorphan (cough suppressant). Other drugs control the cough, fever, and pain (1). Many parents and caregivers tend to use this medication for kids due to symptomatic relief. However, is it safe to use Nyquil without a prescription? Does it cause any health risks in kids? Read on to understand the safety and effects of Nyquil for children and the recommended precautions. [mj-toc] Is Nyquil Safe For Children? [caption id="attachment_876079" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends that OTC cold and cough medications should not be given to infants under the age of two, because these products contain decongestant and antihistamine drugs, which can...
While common in adults, acne in toddlers is rare. It is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of sebaceous glands (oil-producing cells). These oil glands are located at the base of hair follicles (1). Extra skin cells and oil may combine to block the hair follicle's opening, which in turn plugs the oil glands leading to bacterial growth and multiplication, and eventually causing pimples (2). Read on to know more about the causes, symptoms, treatment, and tips to reduce and prevent acne in toddlers. [mj-toc] Is Acne Common In Toddlers? Acne can occur in toddlers, but it is rare (3). Pediatric acne is divided into five subgroups (4). [simple_tooltip text="Neonatal" tooltip="Relating to a child under 28 days of age" ] acne [caption id="attachment_889056" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Infantile acne Mid-childhood acne Preadolescent acne Adolescent acne Toddler acne falls in the mid-childhood acne category. Symptoms Of Acne In Toddlers [caption id="attachment_889057" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] Mid-childhood acne is usually seen in the...
Preterm babies who are ill may require additional care and support to survive after birth. Incubators for babies might be used based on how early the baby is born and how well their systems are developed. Most premature babies who need special care could be placed in incubators in a separate setup called the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). As a new parent, you may have several queries and concerns on the need and uses of incubators in babies. Read on to know more about the details regarding the use of incubators in babies in a NICU. [mj-toc] What Does An Incubator Do? [caption id="attachment_883165" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] An incubator is an integral part of the NICU. The biomedical device appears like a box or a clear glass bassinet and helps in providing medical care to the newborn by providing an environment similiar to the mothers womb, keeping them warm and protecting them from allergens or environmental pathogens. Incubators...
Muscle twitches in children are sudden, uncontrollable muscle movements or jerks in their bodies. Muscle twitching, also known as myoclonus, could be repetitive and triggered by certain factors and postures. Though muscle twitching is not a disease, it could indicate various underlying conditions in the brain and nervous system. Twitches may occur in a single muscle or multiple muscles at a time. In addition, multiple muscle twitching might occur in the areas of the body involving nerves that serve common muscles. This condition can be managed in children by modifying their diets or sleep patterns. First, however, you should contact a healthcare provider who might evaluate the underlying causes of twitching and suggest suitable interventions to avoid future complications. Explore more about the types, possible causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and preventive strategies for muscle twitches in children in this post. [mj-toc] Types Of Muscle Twitches (Myoclonus) In Children There are two basic types of muscle twitches (1). Positive...
Chalazion in children is an uncommon ocular condition where a small, slow-developing lump resembling a stye appears on the eyelid; however, it is not the same. A stye is a painful lump on the eyelid resulting from a bacterial infection of the eyelash, while a chalazion is a painless bump caused by a blocked oil gland in the eyelid (1). If left untreated, a stye can turn into a chalazion and vice versa (2). Chalazia are usually harmless and self-limiting, requiring only minor medical attention. However, it may not dissolve in some instances and may develop into chronic issues. This post discusses the causes, diagnosis, and complications of chalazion and how it can be treated and prevented in children. [mj-toc] Why Does Chalazion Occur In Children? Small oil glands called meibomian glands within the eyelids’ margins secrete oil to lubricate the eye surface and prevent it from drying out. When one or more of these glands get blocked, oil begins...
A baby’s scalp is soft and delicate and can easily get irritated or dry. Thus, dry scalp in babies is pretty common. A dry scalp may look similar to a cradle cap in babies, but it is slightly different. However, cradle cap is often the underlying cause for a dry scalp with white flakes. Dry scalp in babies may be treated with some home care and can be managed with ease, whereas severe cradle cap may require medical attention. So, how do you distinguish a dry scalp from a cradle cap? And how do you manage it in babies? Keep reading this post to answer these questions and for some effective home remedies to prevent dry scalp in babies. [mj-toc] Difference Between Dry Scalp And Cradle Cap Dry scalp is often confused with cradle cap as both have similar symptoms and a common root cause — dry skin. However, both of these are different conditions and need different treatments. Have...
A baby sticking tongue out is a cute gesture but may sometimes indicate certain conditions or the baby\'s requirements. The act is also called tongue thrusting and is when the baby sticks tongue out between the rows of teeth while swallowing or at rest (1). Tongue thrusting is often a benign action but may indicate underlying problems in some cases. This post tells you about the causes of a baby sticking their tongue out and when to be concerned about it. [mj-toc] Baby Sticking Tongue Out: Is This Normal? [caption id="attachment_874385" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Babies usually explore the world by using their mouths. Therefore, it is mostly natural and normal for babies to stick out their tongues.The common reason for babies to stick out their tongues is innate infant reflexes. This is known as the tongue thrust reflex. Babies are born with these reflexes. A reflex is a muscle reaction that happens automatically in response to stimulation (2). Sticking...
If you are unaware of using Cannabidiol or CBD oil for kids, you should be reading this post. CBD oil is a component found in the Cannabis Sativa family\'s hemp and marijuana plants, making individuals feel high. (1). The oil has gained popularity in recent years for treating various conditions, including chronic pain, stress, insomnia, nausea, and vomiting. Different procedures are used to extract the oil, including carbon dioxide extraction, ethanol extraction, and hydrocarbon extraction (2). After extraction, the oil is refined and marketed as [simple_tooltip text="tinctures" tooltip="A plant or animal extract that is dissolved in ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and used for medicinal purposes." ], capsules, topicals, chewable gummies, beverages, and other products. This post discusses the safety of CBD oil for children, including its advantages, age-appropriate dosage, and potential side effects and hazards associated with its use. [mj-toc] Is CBD Oil Safe For Children? There’s no scientific evidence to prove the safety and efficacy of CBD oil for children....
Newborn sneezing is a defensive mechanism that helps newborns eliminate inhaled irritants, such as dust, dirt, and germs from the airway. It is a common reflex that babies have right from the time they enter this world (1). Generally, all babies sneeze, but some may sneeze less while others sneeze more. Yet, on average, babies sneeze more than adults due to their small nasal passages that require frequent cleaning. However, consulting a doctor would be advisable if you notice additional symptoms, such as a runny nose or fever. Read on as we tell you about the causes of sneezing in babies and when sneezing is not normal. [mj-toc]Why Do Babies Sneeze? Sneezing is one of the body’s natural defenses against illness (2). It is basically a protective reflex provided by nature, to discard any mucus or foreign body. However, there are several other reasons why a newborn or an infant would sneeze: [MJ_RELATED_LINKS href="https://www.momjunction.com/articles/infant-and-newborn-problems_00337950/" title="15 Most Common Infant And Newborn...