MBChB, MMed, FC Paeds
Dr. Wayne Hough is a pediatrician with around six years of experience in the field. He is currently based in the Northern Suburbs of Cape Town in South Africa. Dr. Hough got his medical degree from the University of Stellenbosch. He then worked at the Tygerberg Children's Hospital before completing his pediatric training and qualification from the South African College of Medicine.Dr. Hough also holds a MMed degree in pediatrics from the University of Stellenbosch. He is a registered member of the South African Medical Association and The Paediatric Management Group of South Africa. He does general pediatric and neonatal work in the private medical sector and has a keen interest in lifestyle, sports and exercise medicine in childhood.
MomJunction believes in providing the most accurate content to its readers. Hence we get our articles reviewed by highly skilled experts in the relevant fields. The articles are reviewed to ensure their authenticity, factual correctness, and relevance. The board members also add inputs drawn from their years of experience. Learn more about our medical review board.
Urinary tract infection generally refers to a bacterial infection in the urinary tract and associated structures such as the urinary bladder, urethra, or kidneys. Urinary tract infections in teens may result in pain and discomfort if it involves only the lower urinary tract (urinary bladder and urethra). On the other hand, upper urinary tract infections may affect the ureters and kidneys and may have serious consequences. However, advanced infections are not as common as lower urinary tract infections. In this post, we discuss the causes, risk factors, signs, and symptoms of urinary tract infections. Diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures are also included. [mj-toc] Causes Of Urinary Tract Infections In Teens [caption id="attachment_848985" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria cause about 90% of UTIs. They usually migrate from the anal region or the skin to the urinary system, resulting in bladder infection (cystitis) (1) (2). Vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine from the bladder to kidneys) may cause...
You are most excited to see your baby crawl for the first time. However, babies crawling backward may seem odd and raise some concerns. It turns out it is normal for some infants to first crawl backward before learning to go forward (1). It should not be considered unusual as long as they can use their limbs to propel across the floor. It may be difficult for some babies to coordinate between arms and legs while maintaining balance and posture while crawling. But let them move at their own pace, and they’ll gradually master the technique. This post will tell you everything you need to know about crawling backward seen in babies and why it is not a matter of concern. [mj_protip type="Did you know" title="Did you know?"]Some children skip the crawling stage altogether. They move around a bit on their tummies (commando crawling) and then directly move on to sitting and standing.[/mj_protip] [MJ_RELATED_LINKS href="https://www.momjunction.com/articles/simple-tips-to-teach-your-baby-to-roll-over_0076972/" title="When Do Babies Start Rolling...
The shaken baby syndrome is a kind of brain injury that happens due to violently shaking an infant. Babies cry very frequently, and at times, this continuous crying might get on a caretaker's nerves. They might end up shaking the baby vigorously out of frustration. Since babies have soft brains and sensitive neck muscles, vigorous shaking might damage their brains. If not treated at the earliest, it might cause shaking injuries like permanent brain damage and increase the chances of mortality. Read on to know more about shaken baby syndrome and ways to deal with it. [mj-toc] What Is Shaken Baby Syndrome? [caption id="attachment_886335" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is a condition where the infant suffers an inflicted head trauma due to violent shaking by a caretaker (parent, babysitter, etc.) (1). It is when someone holds the infant by the arms or shoulders and rattles the baby, making the head bob, or move forward and backward rapidly....
Adenoids in children are lymphatic tissues located at the back of the nose and throat (nasal passage). They are a part of the immune system and protect the body from the harmful pathogens (bacteria and viruses) that a child may inhale or swallow with air, food, and water. The main responsibility of the adenoids is to detect different germs and trigger an immune response (1). Enlarged adenoids are adenoids that swell due to an infection. However, the swelling can also be caused by other reasons that may be unclear. When the adenoids drastically increase in size, they may interfere with the child’s breathing or flow of mucus, leading to complications. Hence, prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential. Read on as we explain more about enlarged adenoids and their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management. [caption id="attachment_663096" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] [mj-toc] Are Adenoids And Tonsils The Same? Adenoids, also called pharyngeal tonsils, are one of the four sets of tonsils,...
Back Pain in teens is a common adolescent pain. It can happen due to a pulled muscle, a sprain, carrying heavy backpacks, or bruising of the back. Back pain arising from these factors usually subsides in a few weeks without any medical intervention. However, persistent back pain combined with some other symptoms may indicate underlying conditions such as juvenile spine issues or herniated discs, and should be assessed by a healthcare professional. Keep reading this post as we explain the causes, home remedies, treatment, prevention, and possible medical conditions that may lead to back pain in teens. [mj-toc] What Could Cause Back Pain In Teenagers? If your teenager is complaining of back pain, observe the symptoms to know if they are due to a physical injury, an underlying medical condition, or stress induced-aches. Sometimes, certain lifestyle changes or injuries may also cause lower back pain in teenagers. We have also included a few medical conditions that might cause back pain...
Eucalyptus oil is a popular essential oil used in natural medicine to treat ailments, such as cold, cough, flu, and bronchitis (1). It is also found in several over-the-counter (OTC) products like mosquito repellents. But is eucalyptus oil safe for babies to treat or manage any of the concerns mentioned above? How much oil you should use depends on the child’s age, intent, and method of use. One must consult a [simple_tooltip text="naturopathy" tooltip="An alternative medicine approach that uses natural products and ancient practices to treat illness." ] expert or herbalist to mitigate the risk of side effects due to overuse. However, it is recommended not to use it on children below six years (2). So, read on to explore more about eucalyptus oil, its safety for babies, and why you can’t use this oil for babies. [MJ_RELATED_LINKS href="https://www.momjunction.com/articles/essential-oils-for-babies-safe-unsafe-tips-to-use_00662864/" title="Top 12 Safe Essential Oils For Babies And How To Use Them"] [mj-toc] Eucalyptus Oil And Its Components [caption id="attachment_887482" align="alignnone"...
Dehydration in toddlers is a common condition seen during the summers or episodes of infections. There could be plenty of fluid loss in a child due to profuse sweating or conditions like vomiting or diarrhea. However, dehydration can be easily prevented and also managed by parents with simple measures at home. Keep reading as we dole out some useful information on the possible causes, signs to look for, and ways to prevent dehydration in young children. [mj-toc] What Is Dehydration? Dehydration is the condition where the body loses more water than it receives. It creates a scarcity of water for essential body functions eventually disrupting normal metabolic processes. Toddlers are the most susceptible group to dehydrate as their smaller bodies hold lesser fluid reserves. What Causes Dehydration In Toddlers? Toddlers can lose fluids through several ways, thus resulting in dehydration: Diarrhea is the leading cause of water loss among toddlers (1). The condition arises due to loose stools caused by...
It's incredible how a woman's body gives the fetus a home, allows it to grow, and guarantees that it receives the nutrition it needs to thrive through the baby's umbilical cord connected to the mother's placenta. The umbilical cord is disconnected at birth, leaving a stump behind on the baby's belly. This stump dries and falls off eventually, and that is when the baby’s belly button or navel (umbilicus) appears. However, until then, you need to take extra care of the umbilical cord stump to avoid any potential infections. This post explains how to properly care for your baby's umbilical cord stump, including tips on spotting signs of infection and when to seek medical help. [mj-toc] What Is Umbilical Cord? The umbilical cord forms during the seventh week of pregnancy. It supplies the developing fetus with oxygen and nutrients, and a means of eliminating waste. Your baby’s umbilical cord is composed of: One vein that carries oxygen and nutrient rich...
Dandruff in kids is a common skin condition that causes tiny, white flakes to shed off from the scalp. These tiny flakes are dead cells that fall off from the uppermost layer of the skin (1). Though common in children, dandruff, also called [simple_tooltip text="seborrheic dermatitis" tooltip="A skin condition characterized by redness, dryness, and scaly patches on the scalp." ], can affect infants, teens, and adults. Generally, children with oily skin tend to get more dandruff than dry skin (2). Pediatric seborrheic dermatitis doesn’t cause any serious problems, but it can cause an itchy and flaky scalp in kids, which can be bothersome. Hence, prompt children’s scalp treatment is vital to alleviate itching and avert dandruff-related hair problems. So, keep reading to explore more about dandruff in children, its causes, symptoms, treatment, and effective home remedies you can try. [mj-toc] Possible Causes Of Dandruff In Children [caption id="attachment_890323" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] Dandruff can occur at any age, and the...
Moral development in childhood may be considered one of the central aspects of socialization. It is a process through which children learn to differentiate the wrong from the right based on society's social and cultural laws and norms. Parents and teachers play an important role in teaching morals to children. Teaching morals at a young age can help raise responsible citizens. However, the understanding and implementation of moral values in children depend on the environment they are raised in and their physical, social, emotional, and cognitive skills. Read this post to learn more about the stages of moral development in children and tips on how parents can help their children learn moral values. [mj-toc] Defining Morality Morality is the ability to see the difference between right and wrong in intentions, thoughts, actions, and behavior. Teaching this concept to children is the primary goal of parenting. Moral development deals with the concepts of morality that a child learns from infancy through...
Blocked tear ducts and allergies are a common cause of epiphora or watery eyes in children. Tears fill the eyes and drain onto the face when the ducts are blocked. Although it looks like weeping, there won't be an emotional trigger for these tears. Watery eyes can be self-resolving in many children without any interventions or remedies. While a few may need medications or surgeries to relieve the blockage or allergies. Awareness of the signs and symptoms of blocked tear ducts and other eye problems in children can help parents know when to seek medical care. However, if you are unsure of the underlying cause or the child has other symptoms, it is advised to visit the pediatrician or a pediatric ophthalmology specialist. Read on to know the causes, symptoms, and management of watery eyes in children. [mj-toc] Possible Causes And Their Treatments For Watery Eyes In Children Most causes of watery eyes in children can be treated or managed....
The pediatric version of Motrin for children is used to treat pain and fever. It is an over-the-counter pain relief medicine that contains Ibuprofen of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug family. The working mechanism involves the interference of prostaglandin production. Prostaglandins are a group of compounds that induce swelling and pain following an injury (1). Some other medicines, such as Nurofen, Ibugesic, and Brufen, also consist of the same drug as their main ingredient. Additionally, ibuprofen can also be used in combination with paracetamol. Read on to learn more about Motrin, including its variants, safety for children, required dosage, and more. [mj-toc] What Are The Variants Of Motrin? The Motrin brand of pediatric ibuprofen is available in two variants for children (2) (3). Infant’s Motrin: The manufacturer makes this version for infants of six to 23 months old. It is available in oral suspension (liquid) form only. Children’s Motrin: It is meant for children from the age of 24 months...
Duodenal and stomach ulcers in children are rare, and the signs and symptoms can be nonspecific. These are also called peptic ulcers that can occur in the mucosa, the inner lining of the stomach and intestines. Ulcer diets and OTC medications may not heal the ulcers since they can be caused by infection of H. pylori ([simple_tooltip text="Helicobacter pylori" tooltip="A pathogenic bacteria that causes chronic inflammation and ulceration in the stomach and small intestine " ]) bacteria. Children may require appropriate treatment, and eradicating causes can cure ulcers and avoid complications. Read on to know the clinical features, causes, risk factors, diagnostic tests and procedures, complications, and treatments of peptic ulcers in children and ways to prevent them. [MJ_RELATED_LINKS href="https://www.momjunction.com/articles/childhood-genetic-disorders-causes-symptoms-and-treatment_00790811/" title="10 Genetic Disorders In Children: Symptoms And Treatment"] [mj-toc] Signs And Symptoms Of Stomach And Duodenal Ulcers In Children Sometimes ulcers can be asymptomatic. However, it is common to have a gnawing or burning pain in the stomach that lasts...
Gastrointestinal illnesses are a common cause of dehydration in teens. This is a condition when the amount of water lost from our body is more than water intake (1). Mild dehydration may not be a problem. But, severe dehydration can affect normal physiological function in our body. Diarrhea, vomiting, and excess sweating can cause water loss. It is important to rehydrate the teen when they are losing water from the body to avoid dehydration. However, moderate to severe dehydration may require medical care and intravenous (IV) fluids to maintain the hydration status. Read on to know the reasons, symptoms, signs, tests, and treatment for dehydration in teens and tips to prevent it. [mj-toc] Signs And Symptoms Of Dehydration In Teens [caption id="attachment_886533" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] The signs and symptoms associated with dehydration may include (2) (3): Excruciating thirst Dizziness Dry mouth Dry lips Oliguria (less urine) Dark urine (dark yellow or brown urine color) Nausea Fever Headaches Lethargy or...
Cellulite in teens is not a medical concern and requires no medical treatments. Although it is harmless, a lumpy or dimpled or orange-peel appearance of the skin can be an aesthetic concern for many people. You may notice this skin changes commonly on the abdomen, hips, buttocks, and thighs. Nearly 80 to 90 percent of postpubertal women can have cellulite, which is comparatively rare in boys (1) (2). You may try some home remedies, lifestyle changes, and aesthetic measures to improve the appearance of the skin. You may consult a board-certified dermatologist for personalized advice. Read on to know more about the causes, home remedies, and other treatments and their effectiveness for cellulitis in teens. [mj-toc] Causes Of Cellulite In Teens The exact cause of cellulite is unknown. Cellulite is neither a disease nor a sign or symptom of internal medical issues. However, many tend to believe myths suggesting cellulite is caused by laziness, certain toxins, etc. The following factors...
Swollen breasts in newborns is a common finding often noticed by parents or caregivers within a few days after birth. Slight swelling in the breast area is not a cause for concern, and this is due to the effects of increased levels of [simple_tooltip text="estrogen" tooltip="A sex hormone that helps develop female sexual characteristics and manages their reproductive health." ] hormones in pregnancy for maternal breast enlargement (1) Usually, this swelling disappears after two weeks of life when the hormones disappear in the baby's body (2). Read on to know more about swollen breasts in newborns. [MJ_RELATED_LINKS href="https://www.momjunction.com/articles/baby-breast-lumps-causes-when-to-see-doctor_00705727/" title="What Causes Lumps In Baby Breast And Should You Be Worried?"] [mj-toc] Hormonal Changes In Babies Swollen breasts are a common concern for parents of newborns, but it’s normally nothing serious (2). The swollen breasts can, at times, produce a milk-like liquid. Do not be alarmed as galactorrhea in babies can be normal. Also, do not squeeze the nipples to try and...
Piercing the ears of babies is a prevalent practice in many cultures worldwide. In certain cultures, the ears of boys are also pierced when they are still babies. However, as a parent, you may be unsure if ear piercing is safe for babies or when to pierce baby ears. Since the practice is painful, parents often find it difficult to decide whether or not they should get their baby’s ear pierced. Moreover, many different perspectives exist around the world about ear piercing. In certain nations, there have been petitions against baby ear piercings. However, in certain others, it is considered traditional and unusual if it is not done. In this post, we answer some frequently asked questions regarding ear piercings for babies, including when and where you can get your baby’s ear pierced, how it is done for babies, and how to prepare your baby for it. The article also offers advice on coping with any infections that babies may...
Nothing makes you happier than seeing your baby reach the developmental milestones healthily. If you look at your 8-month-old's development, you'll see that your baby has become more active. They are fascinated by everything and often crawl to explore the house. Even if they address the incorrect parents, they may say "mama" and "dada," bringing a smile across your face each time they say it. Parents must be aware of their child's developmental milestones at any age. Read this post to get insights into your baby's developmental benchmarks at eight months of age and some advice on how to improve their abilities. [mj-toc] 8-Month-Old’s Development Chart Achieved Developmental Milestones Emerging Developmental Milestones Supports weight on both legs when upright Stands holding support Tracks moving objects Tries to follow and catch moving objects Manipulates objects by passing them between hands Develops finer control of fingers for complex movements Speaks words of simple syllables such as ‘M', ‘D', and ‘B' Improves on...
[mj-toc] Hydrocephalus in babies is a condition where the baby’s brain swells dramatically due to the retention of excess cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in rapid increase in head circumference. This unsettling swelling may potentially harm the brain in the long term. Surgery, followed by regular check-ups, is the only treatment for hydrocephalus in newborns. Most parents may have little knowledge about the illness and the underlying causes. This post discusses infant hydrocephalus, including its symptoms, prognosis, and treatment options. What Is Hydrocephalus In Babies? Hydrocephalus is a condition where excess cerebrospinal fluid remains in the cavities of the brain, causing the brain and skull to swell. Cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, is a clear liquid that circulates within the nervous system to provide nourishment and cushion the brain and spinal cord (1). The fluid is produced by a part of the brain called the [simple_tooltip text="choroid plexus" tooltip="A complex network of capillaries in each ventricle of the brain that produces the cerebrospinal...
You notice [simple_tooltip text="blisters" tooltip="A painful swelling on the skin, filled with a clear, watery liquid" ] in your baby's mouth, and eventually, rashes on the palms and soles of the feet. These could be signs of hand, foot, and mouth disease in babies. Though mostly mild, it is a common infection that causes inflammation and characteristic rashes on the skin around the lips, palm, foot soles, and inside the mouth. The condition may also cause a lot of discomfort and loss of appetite in babies. Keep reading to understand the possible causes, signs, treatment, and management of babies' hand, foot, and mouth disease. [mj-toc] What Is Hand, Foot, And Mouth Disease? The disease, as the name suggests, is an infection that affects the skin of the hand, feet, and around the mouth. [simple_tooltip text="Lesions" tooltip="An injury or an abnormal change in an organ due to trauma or a chronic illness" ] might also be visible in the inner [simple_tooltip...
When do babies stand can be a common query among parents and caregivers since they want to know if there is any delay. Motor skills have a key role in development, and it allows independent movements in infants. Crawling, rolling, standing, walking, running, and jumping are common motor skills, and a baby reaches these milestones at various stages of their development. Knowing when babies stand can help the parents ensure that their baby meets the milestone on time. Read on to know the answer for when do babies stand, signs of readiness to stand, and ways to stimulate it. [mj-toc] Is Your Baby Ready To Stand? [caption id="attachment_880251" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] Getting ready to stand is a gradual process and involves the prior achievement of several motor skills. It means your baby will achieve different milestones, such as rolling and sitting, that will develop muscle strength and coordination required for standing. The following are some essential gross motor skills...
[mj-toc] A sore throat in babies and other people could suggest a cold or other illness. It is typically the first symptom of a throat infection. However, because babies cannot articulate their problems, parents may not be able to detect the condition right away. One indicator to check for the symptom is if your baby refuses to eat or drink because they have a sore throat and throat pain (1). Read this post to know about various causes of sore throat in newborns, how to treat it, and the preventive measures for the condition. What Causes Sore Throat In Babies? A sore throat could be a symptom of various conditions. Here are the most common ones: Viral infections are the leading cause of a sore throat in babies (2). A plethora of viruses can cause it, but the common ones are the cold virus, [simple_tooltip text="adenovirus" tooltip="Viruses that cause respiratory illnesses." ], influenza (flu) virus, [simple_tooltip text="coxsackievirus" tooltip="A virus that...
Sandifer syndrome in babies is a rare gastrointestinal disorder associated with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and other symptoms such as abnormal head position or abnormal movements of the head, neck, and upper part of the trunk (1). These unusual neck movements may be misdiagnosed as an [simple_tooltip text="epileptic seizure" tooltip="Having two or more seizures of unknown origin. " ]. However, it is not a neurological condition, and it usually self-resolves as the baby grows in age. Read the post to know more about the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of Sandifer syndrome in babies. [mj-toc] How Common Is Sandifer Syndrome? According to the US National Institutes of Health, the exact prevalence of Sandifer syndrome is unknown, but the condition is considered rare (2). The onset of the syndrome usually occurs during infancy or early childhood. Sandifer or Sandifer’s syndrome has a good prognosis despite it being an uncommon ailment. What Are The Symptoms Of Sandifer Syndrome? Torticollis and dystonia are the...
Obesity in teens is a complex metabolic health problem that could be caused by a combination of factors. Generally, the condition isn’t life-threatening, but it can lead to several chronic health issues, such as hypertension and [simple_tooltip text="type-2 diabetes" tooltip="A chronic condition that happens when the body fails to use glucose properly, causing high blood sugar levels in the blood. " ], in the long run. Over time, these chronic health problems may affect a teen’s growth, development, and overall life quality. As a parent, you may feel worried about this scenario. But thankfully, timely intervention can help teens lose excess weight and improve their overall health. This post tells you about the possible causes, diagnoses, and treatments for teen obesity and effective ways to prevent it. [mj-toc] When Is A Teen Categorized As Obese? According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a teen with a BMI at or above 95th percentile for the same age and...
In the past few decades, the medicinal use of elderberry for kids has gained popularity. It is used to treat common ailments such as cold, indigestion, flu, etc. Elderberries are bluish-purple in color and are highly nutritious. They may be consumed in several forms, and the most common forms are jams, cordial, juice, and pie (1). Elderberry is also used in several dietary supplements and medicinal products. However, it is vital to check the product’s safety for children before serving them to children. Read about the benefits, potential risks, and precautions to follow while using elderberries for children. [mj-toc] Is Elderberry Safe For Children? [caption id="attachment_888561" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Moderate consumption of cooked, fresh or dry ripe elderberries is safe for children. However, uncooked ripe elderberries and unripe elderberries could be harmful. Elderberries naturally contain [simple_tooltip text="lectins" tooltip="Proteins commonly found in plant-based foods that play a role in cell-signaling and immune processes " ], hydrocyanic acid, and sambucine that...
Parents commonly use nasal sprays for kids to help them when they are congested and experience a blocked nose. Nasal sprays are available as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs at pharmacies. Although nasal sprays are available OTC, it is important to know their safety, including the dosage and types, according to the child’s age and general health. Read on to know the types of nasal sprays for children, ways to administer, side effects, and more. [mj-toc] What Is Nasal Congestion? [caption id="attachment_887055" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Nasal congestion is a condition characterized by difficulty in breathing due to the blocked nasal passages. It is also called nasal obstruction. Nasal congestion can occur due to various reasons. Rhinorrhea (runny nose) is one of the common causes (1). Any inflammation in the nasal lining can also cause nasal congestion. Inflammation leads to swelling of the blood vessels in the nasal lining, thus reducing the space within the nasal airway and making it difficult to...
Norovirus spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, leading to severe gastroenteritis, inflammation of the intestinal walls. Though it can affect people of all groups, norovirus in babies can have severe symptoms and may lead to complications. It may also cause diarrhea and vomiting (1). Norovirus is also known as a stomach bug, vomiting bug, or winter vomiting bug. In addition, it is commonly called food poisoning or stomach flu. Read on to know more about the symptoms, risk factors, treatment, and prevention of norovirus infection in babies. [mj-toc] Is Norovirus Dangerous To Babies? Norovirus infection could be particularly severe in children younger than five years. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), nearly 200 million cases of norovirus infection occur in children below the age of five years globally (2). Most children affected are between the ages of six months and two years (3). Infants and toddlers may need hospitalization and emergency pediatric visits due...
Gray baby syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder that is caused due to the presence of high levels of chloramphenicol in babies born prematurely. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections such as [simple_tooltip text="meningitis" tooltip="The inflammation of the meninges or membranes around the brain and spinal cord due to an infection." ], cholera, and typhoid fever. The common symptoms of this disease include graying of the baby’s skin, cardiac issues, and swelling up of the abdomen (also known as abdominal distension). Although the complications caused due to this syndrome can be severe, they can be prevented. Read on to know more about the causes, signs, treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of this syndrome. [mj-toc] Causes Of Gray Baby Syndrome The primary cause is the accumulation of the antibiotic chloramphenicol in the [simple_tooltip text="blood serum" tooltip="The liquid part of the blood left after the blood cells and clotting materials are removed." ] of an infant. ...
Moral values for kids are essential principles that children must learn from early childhood. They are like guidelines that assist a person in choosing between right from wrong or good from bad. Understanding these values is crucial for making honest, credible, and fair decisions in everyday life. Following moral ideals can help children develop a likable character and a pleasant personality. You, as a parent, and your family, play an important in guiding, supporting, and hand-holding your children in the path of developing moral values. Read on to learn more about the importance of instilling moral principles in children and how you can imbibe them in your child. [mj-toc] Importance Of Moral Values In Children Imbibing moral values in a child will have the following positive effects. Helps build a positive character with traits such as compassion, respect, kindness, and humility. Makes the child distinguish between right and wrong or good and bad. It can eventually promote rational thinking and...
Antihistamines are a class of drugs used to suppress the effects of [simple_tooltip text="histamine" tooltip="Chemicals released by the body during an allergic reaction." ]in tissues to help relieve or prevent allergic symptoms and overproduction of gastric acid. Although antihistamines are available over the counter, it is recommended to seek pediatric consultation before taking them. It is not recommended to administer antihistamines for kids below two years of age, and a prescription is mandatory for children below six years. The type of antihistamine, dosage, and duration may vary depending on the symptom, severity, age, health conditions, use of other medications, and bodyweight of children. Read this post to know about the age limits, safety tips, medical uses, and side effects of antihistamines in children. [mj-toc] When Can You Give Antihistamines To Children? Over-the-counter antihistamines can be given to children older than two years. Antihistamines are not recommended for children younger than two years and are not given to relieve cough and...
Parents and caregivers may often examine the physical health of their babies when they nap. It can be concerning if the baby sleeps with their mouth open. Babies sleeping with open mouths may breathe through their mouths, and it is not the natural way to breathe. Occasional mouth breathing is harmless. However, frequent mouth breathing can be a sign of underlying health conditions and breathing difficulties. You may seek a pediatric evaluation to know the causes and treatment for mouth breathing. Read on to know why a baby sleeps with their mouth open and how to treat the underlying conditions. [mj-toc] Should You Be Worried If Your Baby Sleeps With An Open Mouth? A newborn baby is not adept at breathing through their mouth (1). It takes a while for a baby to fully develop this survival [simple_tooltip text="reflex" tooltip="An infant’s involuntary muscle response to an external stimulation." ]. Therefore, if your baby is not breathing through their nose and...
The endocrine system comprises glands in the body that secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical-signaling molecules that help the body\'s complicated processes, such as metabolism and growth, to work together. They also affect how a person\'s immune system works and behave. As a result, the endocrine system regulates hormones to govern various body activities. Read on to learn about the endocrine system\'s activities and parts, as well as major endocrine problems, their symptoms, and how to avoid them. [mj-toc] What Does The Endocrine System Do? The main role of the endocrine system is to secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These hormones are secreted in very small amounts in order to produce an effect on specific cells or systems in the body. It is all about balance - low levels as well as high levels of a hormone lead to disease. These hormones reach different body parts to regulate various functions. These functions include (1): Regulate metabolism Control growth and development Reproduction...
Eye rolling is a common phenomenon that many people do involuntarily. However, when you see a baby rolling eyes, you may feel concerned about a possible health problem. Nevertheless, most babies and infants may roll their eyes on a normal basis without any underlying causes of concern. However, you may seek medical care if your baby’s eye-rolling movements become too frequent and they begin to display any signs of neurological disorders. Explore more about the possible causes, signs and symptoms, warning signs, and facts to remember about eye-rolling in babies. [mj-toc] Why Do Babies Roll Their Eyes While Sleeping? [caption id="attachment_888418" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Babies may roll eyes since their eye muscles and the visual system are not yet completely developed. Eyesight and control over eye muscles gradually develop in babies over time (1). According to Daniel Boyer, MD, specialized in molecular biology, histology, [simple_tooltip text="pharmacology" tooltip="The study that deals with the interaction of drugs on living organisms" ],...
Any swelling or inflammation to the areas surrounding the eye may lead to swollen eyelids in children. In addition, various factors such as infections, allergies, and injuries could cause swelling in the eyes or eyelids of your child. Some conditions lead to swelling in one eye, while others may cause swelling in both eyes. It is important to identify the signs and underlying causes for swollen or puffy eyelids in children to seek early treatments and avoid complications and future risks. This post describes the signs and symptoms, possible causes, treatment, and management options for swollen eyes and eyelids in children. [mj-toc] Symptoms Associated With Swollen Eyes In Children The following symptoms are often associated with swollen eyes in children (1). Pain Redness Tenderness Watery eyes Green or yellow pus discharge Dry eyes Itching Sensitive to light Blurred vision Depending on the cause of swelling, associated symptoms may vary. Some conditions can be painful, whereas others may not cause pain...
Newborn babies cry but don’t shed tears; this triggers a common question – when do babies get tears? The lacrimal glands or tear ducts can’t produce tears immediately after birth. Most babies only begin producing tears at around two weeks of age. Further, the tears are often just enough to keep their eyes moist and not enough to roll down their cheeks. Most babies shed tears that you can see only when they are two months old or older. Read on as we explain when babies begin to tear and the factors that might affect tear production in babies. [mj_protip type="Did you know" title="Did you know?"]The tears get reduce as you age. It happens because the basal tear development slows down as you grow older (14).[/mj_protip] [mj-toc]Why Don’t Newborns Shed Tears? [caption id="attachment_880724" align="alignnone" width="720"] Image: iStock[/caption] Tears are produced by a lacrimal gland (tear gland) present at the upper edge of each eye (1). At birth, it can produce...
Chicken Pox or varicella in children is a common infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is a highly contagious infection that can easily spread from an infected person to others through air droplets or close contact. Children and teens may develop mild symptoms more than adults. Vaccination can effectively help prevent chickenpox in children (1). It is recommended to seek prompt medical care since taking antiviral medications within the first 24 hours after the onset of skin rashes can help reduce the severity of infection. Read on the causes, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and ways to prevent chickenpox or varicella in children. [mj-toc]Causes Of Chickenpox In Children VZV is a type of herpesvirus that exclusively affects humans. Initial infection of the virus can be due to (2): Direct contact with the rash of an infected person Airborne transmission from cough and sneezes of an infected person After the primary infection, the virus may stay latent in the cranial nerves...
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection. The appearance of measles in babies can be stressful for both the parents and the baby. The common symptoms of measles include fever and rashes and bumps in the body. As there’s no specific treatment for measles, the virus needs to run its course before the symptoms and signs disappear. So, how should you take care of a child with measles? Read on to know more about measles, including the causes, symptoms, and preventive measures. [mj-toc]What Causes Measles In Babies? Measles is a viral infection that spreads through respiratory secretions expelled by an infected person when sneezing or coughing or through infected saliva. Measles, also called rubeola, is caused by the measles virus. The infection can be fatal, but the widespread availability of the measles vaccine helps prevent the disease. Nevertheless, the virus infects about 20 million individuals a year, with some infants at a higher risk than others. Infants at higher risk...
It is adorable to watch a baby sleep in a swing, but you may wonder why experts recommend cribs for babies to sleep. A baby sleeping in a swing has an increased risk for positional asphyxiation, and many experts do not recommend it. It is better to transfer a baby from a swing to a crib as soon as they fall asleep. Some babies may love to fall asleep in the swing with swift movements. A firm flat surface with proper back support, such as a crib, is the preferred safe sleeping place for infants. Read on to learn why baby sleep in swings is unsafe, how to use swings safely, and what to do if your baby only prefers to sleep in swings. [mj-toc]Is It Safe For The Baby To Sleep In A Swing? No, placing the baby in the swing for playtime is allowable, but letting the baby sleep or take a nap in the swing is unsafe....
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR), or tonic neck reflex, is one of the primitive reflexes present in a baby. It differs from the symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR) present in later infancy stages. Several actions and responses of a newborn are reflex-based to specific stimuli. A reflex is a muscle\'s automatic reaction or response to a stimulus (1) (2). Newborns have several innate reflexes at birth known as primitive reflexes. These last for several weeks or months and disappear as the baby grows older. In this post, we acquaint you with the causes, purpose, and signs of asymmetrical tonic neck reflex in babies and some red flags to be alert about. [mj-toc]What Is Tonic Neck Reflex? Tonic neck reflex is present at birth and occurs when the baby lies on the back. When their head turns to one side, the arm on the side to which the head turns involuntarily stretches out. The other arm bends at the elbow, and...
Lazy eye is an eye disorder that arises when one eye becomes weaker than the other. Lazy eye (amblyopia) in children may result in decreased vision in the weaker eye (1). This condition affects around 3% of children and is the most common reason for vision loss (2). However, early detection and appropriate treatment could help prevent long-term complications such as vision impairment in children. Read this post to learn more about the lazy eye in children, including its signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and management. [mj-toc]What Happens In Amblyopia In Children? Amblyopia occurs when there is a malfunction in the eye-brain connection. The brain is unable to recognize vision from one eye. Eventually, the brain begins to ignore the eye with the blurred vision and relies more on the ‘stronger’ eye, worsening the vision in the weaker eye (1) (2). In some children, amblyopia is not easily noticeable. In fact, even children might be unaware that the vision...
Hemorrhoids in babies are rare, and you may look for symptoms to identify this since babies cannot communicate what is going on in their bodies. Swollen lumps around the anus, crying during bowel movement, and bleeding may indicate hemorrhoids. Many babies with hemorrhoids may have a history of constipation and dry stools. Medical and home remedies may help to relieve pain. You may also try to avoid constipation in babies by ensuring adequate feeding. Read on to know the causes, symptoms, and treatment for hemorrhoids in babies. [mj-toc]What Are Hemorrhoids? [caption id="attachment_478624" align="aligncenter" width="720"] Image: Shutterstock[/caption] Commonly known as piles, this is a condition where the tissues and blood vessels along the anal opening become swollen (1). The term \'hemorrhoids\' is actually used for the soft tissue that lines the anus on the inside and slightly on the outside. Typically, hemorrhoids work as a cushion. But when they swell, they tend to protrude and cause pain and constant discomfort. The...
[mj-toc] Nat was staring at the teacher and continuously blinking her right eye. Her teacher just thought she was being silly and didn’t pay much attention. Another time, the teacher saw Nat constantly grimacing at another student. This time, she was worried as that was not normal behavior for Nat, who is usually friendly and polite with everyone in the class. Nat was not silly or rude. She had a repetitive muscle-spasm or movement, also referred to as the Tic syndrome. Here, MomJunction explains twitches and tics in children, why they happen and how they can be treated. What Are Tics? Tics are involuntary muscle or vocal spasms that are sudden, repetitive, and last for a specific duration. Tics usually occur in children under 18 years, and studies reveal that 20% of school-going children are affected by it (1). The severity of tics varies from one child to another. Tics increase in severity when the child is around 11-12 years...